Question: How do white blood cells recognize and bind to pathogens?

Michael Kimwele answered on 21 Jul 2025:

White blood cells recognize and bind to pathogens using specialized receptors on their surfaces that detect unique molecules called antigens present on the pathogen’s surface. Each type of white blood cell, such as macrophages, neutrophils, or lymphocytes, has receptors tailored to identify specific patterns associated with bacteria, viruses, or other invaders. When a white blood cell encounters a pathogen, its receptors bind to these antigens or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering a response such as engulfing the pathogen (phagocytosis), releasing signaling molecules (cytokines), or activating other immune cells. This recognition is crucial for initiating and coordinating the body’s immune defense.